![]() ![]() No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as /uːr/ as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark. In North America, the /ʊr/ of c ourier and the /ʊər/ of cure may instead merge with /ɔːr/ as in north or /ɜːr/ as in nurse.If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊ/ and /uː/ in all contexts. In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that foot /ˈfʊt/ and goose /ˈɡuːs/ also have the same vowel.If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊr/, /ʊər/ and /uːr/. In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between /ʊr/ as in c ourier and the aforementioned /ʊər/ and /uːr/ does not exist.If you speak such a dialect, read /ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/ as /iːr, uːr, eɪr/. Speakers of some rhotic dialects, for instance in Ireland and Scotland, may not distinguish between the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/, cure /ˈkjʊər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ on the one hand and fr eerunning /ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/, Q-rating /ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/ and d ayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/ on the other.If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɑ:/ and /ɒ/. Most speakers of North American English (with the exception of Eastern New England) do not distinguish between the vowels in f ather /'fɑ:ðər/ and b other /'bɒðər/, pronouncing the two words as rhymes.You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them. Many speakers of American, Canadian, Scottish and Irish English pronounce cot /ˈkɒt/ and caught /ˈkɔːt/ the same. ![]() Before /ə/ within the same word, another possible pronunciation is /j/ as in yet. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of /eɪ/, as in take. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as /ɪ/. Speakers of dialects with happy tensing (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed /iː/, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. ⟨ i⟩ does not represent a phoneme but a variation between /iː/ and /ɪ/ in unstressed positions.Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect: This key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate General American, Received Pronunciation (RP) and to a large extent also Australian, Canadian, Irish (including Ulster), New Zealand, Scottish, South African and Welsh pronunciations. i, u/ likewise do not mean shorter versions of /iː, uː/ but represent a situation in which some speakers have /iː, uː/ and others /ɪ, ʊ/ (see Happy tensing).įurther information: English phonology and International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a polysyllabic word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see Clipping (phonetics) § English). The length mark ⟨ ː⟩ does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it.In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets BATH and CLOTH, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with /ɑː/ or /æ/, the latter with /ɒ/ or /ɔː/. Words in SMALL CAPITALS are the standard lexical sets.The footnotes explain some of these cases. Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger. If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles English phonology and International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects). For example, you may pronounce cot and caught the same, do and dew, or marry and merry. The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see English orthography § Spelling-to-sound correspondences. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see English orthography § Sound-to-spelling correspondences. If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see Help:IPA, which is a more complete list. ![]()
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